Author: space4knews

September 8, Kathmandu.— One year ago, the automobile showrooms in Thapathali area faced severe destruction; some had shattered glass, others burned beyond recognition, and in some cases, the showroom structures were entirely destroyed.

On Bhadra 23 and 24, 2082 (September 8-9, 2025), during the second day of the Jenja Movement protests, more than half a dozen key automobile showrooms in Thapathali, Kathmandu’s main auto hub, were vandalized and set ablaze. Showrooms of brands such as Tata Motors, CG Motors, Mahindra, Suzuki, and Hyundai were directly targeted.

According to reports released after the movement, the auto industry alone suffered nearly one billion rupees in damages. CG Motors reported damage amounting to approximately 400 million rupees due to the complete destruction of three of its showrooms. Sipradi Trading, the authorized dealer for Tata Motors, reported damages of about 200 million rupees. Suzuki, Hyundai, and Mahindra showrooms also suffered losses in the millions.

Several new vehicles stored in the Thapathali showrooms were destroyed by fire. The damage affected not only physical assets like vehicles and buildings but also deeply impacted the psychology of customers. The political and social turmoil had injected uncertainty into the market.

Market Recovering from the Ashes

Time, however, does not remain stagnant. Following the movement, the damaged showrooms began gradual reconstruction. Business operators resumed operations from temporary structures. Many provided services and sales through alternative service centers.

Despite facing 80% structural damage and complete destruction of eight vehicles, Sipradi reconstructed the Tata showroom in Thapathali and resumed operations in a new form within approximately 70 days. During the main showroom’s closure, the company maintained business through temporary sales centers.

The damaged showroom, affected by fire and vandalism, was rebuilt and reopened on Mangsir 1, 2082 (mid-November 2025).

Sipradi Trading Pvt. Ltd.’s Passenger Vehicle Division General Manager, Sawantjang Sijapat, confirmed the showroom’s reconstruction and full operational restart within 70 days after the Jenja Movement. The fire and vandalism had resulted in full loss of eight vehicles and 80% structural damage to the showroom.

This demonstrated that though the auto market was once devastated, it does not perish permanently. Customer confidence gradually returned, companies introduced new models, and competition intensified. Notably, the Nepali market began to see new brands and models of electric vehicles introduced.

Within a year, from the Nima Mobility Expo to the NADA Auto Show, the auto market landscape transformed. The Nima Expo showcased 53 brands and 40 new models, while the NADA show featured over 200 stalls representing 53 vehicle brands.

Dealers noted growing customer interest in viewing and purchasing new vehicles. At the Bhrikuti Mandap event, numerous brands unveiled new models, offers, and financial plans.

The auto market was moving from “post-protest recovery” into a phase of “new competition”. However, a new challenge emerged a year later.

Flood Damage After One Year

Approximately one year after the Jenja Movement, on Bhadra 10, 2083 (September 26, 2026), the Bhotekoshi River in Rasuwa overflowed, delivering a severe blow to the auto sector.

This time, it was not fire but water that swept away vehicles. Initial reports indicate that more than 500 vehicles were washed away and destroyed in the Rasuwa-Gadhi customs yard.

The flood also damaged not just the vehicles, but a large number of containers and trucks transporting goods from China to Nepal. It is estimated that over 200 freight trucks were swept away by the floodwaters.

In other words, the auto sector that faced losses due to fire in Kathmandu’s sales hubs a year ago now suffered critical damage at a crucial point in its supply chain.

The impact extends beyond the immediate vehicle losses. The Rasuwa-Gadhi border is a significant gateway for importing vehicles, auto parts, and other goods from China. The flood severely damaged customs facilities, roads, bridges, and other infrastructure, further disrupting the automobile supply chain.

Showrooms Have Recovered; Supply Routes Are Still Struggling

The irony of the auto business is that one year ago, customers were unable to visit showrooms due to fire damage. Over the course of a year, dealers rebuilt showrooms, imported vehicles, made offers, and customers returned.

Currently, the challenge lies along the supply routes. The Rasuwa-Gadhi floods have completely destroyed the customs infrastructure and damaged roads and bridges from Rasuwa to Galchi.

The government’s preliminary assessment estimates losses of over two trillion rupees across roads, hydropower, tourism, and customs sectors due to the flood.

This will directly impact the supply of vehicles, auto parts, tires, batteries, and other materials imported from China. Given the recent rise in electric vehicles and related parts coming from China to Nepal, the disruption in Rasuwa-Gadhi is not just a customs issue but also a critical problem affecting the automobile supply chain.

Market Was Transforming, But Challenges Persisted

Within one year, Nepal’s auto market has experienced destruction stemming from political unrest and natural disasters. Showrooms can be rebuilt; destroyed vehicles replaced. Yet reconstructing roads, bridges, and customs facilities takes time.

More importantly, when one crisis ends and another begins soon after, businesses cannot simply account for losses. Rather, strategies encompassing risk management, insurance, alternative import routes, secure parking yards, diversification of supply chains, and disaster preparedness must become integral to automobile industry planning.

The showrooms burning down in Thapathali initiated the auto sector’s revival one year ago. But today, hundreds of vehicles lost in Rasuwa-Gadhi raise a pressing question: how will Nepal’s recovering auto market overcome the supply chain destruction caused by floods?

Finding the answer will require collaboration between the government, customs authorities, infrastructure sectors, banks, insurers, and auto businesses.

Business and Morale Decline During Festival Season

Nepal’s automobile sector has recently suffered greatly due to natural disasters and social movements, says Ritu Singh Baidya, President of Nepal Automobile Importers & Manufacturers Association (NIMA). She notes that both the destructive Jenja Movement last year and recent devastating floods have seriously affected the physical infrastructure, imports, and the morale of traders in the auto sector.

Most automobiles are insured, so some relief is expected, she added. While a few vehicles were uninsured, the majority were covered.

“An entire container of our spare parts was washed away by the flood, and luckily it was insured. We are currently in the process of insurance assessment,” she explained. Insurance also made damage management easier during the fires in Thapathali showrooms earlier.

For auto traders, the main festival seasons like Dashain, Tihar, and Chhath are crucial for business. Unfortunately, the floods have deeply impacted not just trade but also human sensitivity and morale.

“Our office celebrations such as Teej parties and other festive events have been postponed. With human lives lost and many people missing, no one feels like celebrating,” Baidya said.

The Jenja Movement did not cause human injuries in the auto sector, but now some are unaccounted for due to the floods in Rasuwa-Gadhi.

The floods severely damaged key trade routes such as Rasuwa, Tatopani, and Korala, used for importing vehicles. “Our trade routes were already fragile; now they have been destroyed. We are worried about where to source items,” Baidya remarked.

She emphasized the need to consider climate risk in future urban development and commercial settlement planning, learning from past mistakes. She observed that floods repeatedly cause damage where proper planning for riverbank settlements and infrastructure is lacking.

Business Losses Overlooked, Says Industry Expert

Dipak Thapaliya, General Manager of Laxmi Intercontinental, expressed concern that society has not sensitively viewed the damages to the automobile sector caused by the Jenja Movement and the Rasuwa floods.

During the Jenja Movement, some Hyundai vehicles and showrooms were damaged. While the loss was comparatively low for other brands, it took six to seven months to recover from the physical damages through insurance.

Thapaliya pointed out that the societal attitude towards businesses is more troubling than physical damage. “There was a widespread perception that businessmen only seek profit, and that profit is wrong,” he said. “Before recovering from this psychological impact, the flood struck again.”

He criticized the casual expectation that insurance will cover all losses. “Insurance doesn’t reimburse 100% of costs. Some losses will always remain,” he said. “Business losses are ultimately the country’s losses too.”

Every year, some disaster damages businesses. Thapaliya emphasized that businessmen should also be seen as victims.

“There is no proper accounting recognizing businessmen themselves as victims, yet they have to provide relief as well,” he said. “We have to consider the sensitivity of the losses they bear and their restoration.”

While some form of compensation must be arranged through various channels, blaming businessmen when costs rise is unfair. “If garlic prices increase by 20 to 50 rupees, businessmen are accused of being thieves. But someone has to cover these losses,” he added.

The Gen Z protests reached their one-year mark. You also conducted a human rights investigation on the protests held on Bhadra 23 and 24 (September 8 and 9). How did the Commission evaluate the event?

Thank you for revisiting this topic after a year; it felt like the matter had faded and was being forgotten. I offer my respects and condolences to the martyrs and the injured. The National Human Rights Commission conducted an extensive investigation over six months and produced a detailed report, including necessary recommendations to prevent such destruction in the future. The main report consists of 600 pages, with the full documentation totaling roughly 10,000 pages. The government received the recommendations over four months ago, but we understand there has been no discussion or implementation. There is no official confirmation that the Prime Minister’s Office has received the recommendations.

We also submitted a 29-page summary report. As per the law, the government should inform the Commission of any actions taken within three months; however, more than a month has passed with no response. The current situation appears serious, prompting the Commission to consider further inquiry.

What were the Commission’s main recommendations regarding the protests?

There were three or four key areas. First, whether there was excessive use of force by the state, which resulted in fatalities. The investigation focused on why security forces used firearms, whether there was an attack justifying such force, and who issued the orders.

Second, findings on damage to government and private cultural properties and identifying those responsible, since cultural destruction is a form of human rights violation.

Third, the criminal aspect, which falls outside NHRC’s jurisdiction but was recommended for further investigation by relevant authorities. Our findings indicate excessive use of force and call for action against the commanders involved at the time.

Additionally, the then Prime Minister, Home Minister, and Communications Minister were held accountable for policy failures. The Prime Minister’s failure to convene or address security council meetings in time was a notable weakness contributing to the events. The Home Minister’s inability to maintain peace and security was also highlighted.

Relevant bodies should have been fully prepared and regulated to prevent the incident, but the report notes failures such as authorities not issuing early warnings, the District Administration Office allowing over 500 people to gather despite restrictions, and sensitive events being permitted in certain locations.

The report centered on three main points: excessive force, delayed policymaking, and incitement related to youth involvement and cultural damage. Since criminal matters are beyond the Commission’s powers, we recommended further probe to appropriate agencies; unfortunately, the government has not even engaged in discussion on these recommendations.

Why was there a long delay before decisions were made after submitting the investigation report to the Commission?

The Commission faced a clear lack of cooperation from the Nepalese Army during witness statements. Commanders responsible for the events did not appear for testimony despite summons, and written questions sent via the Ministry of Defense also went unanswered. Although the NHRC Act allows the Commission to summon even the Prime Minister, the Army’s non-cooperation led to those commanders being listed as alleged human rights violators.

After the investigative committee was disbanded, witness statements reached the Commission President, reversing prior decisions and thereby contributing to delays.

You mentioned the original 600-page report should be made public. Why has it not been released yet?

There was considerable delay initially, and fearing it might never be released, I insisted that if the government didn’t publish it, I would. Eventually, the government only released the summary recommendations. The full 10,000-page document contains sensitive statements that cannot be made public but can be provided to government or courts if requested. I believe the main 600-page report should be made public; though there’s internal disagreement within the Commission, I firmly advocate for its release. If it remains unpublished now, it will likely come out eventually.

The main report documents the full sequence of events, security forces’ mistakes, youth activities, and cultural damage – information I believe everyone should know. While the Commission cannot publish everything due to jurisdictional limits, we have named individuals recommended for further investigation, including the Prime Minister and other responsible leaders.

Has there been pressure to not release the report given the political and administrative leaders implicated?

I am unaware of any such pressure. Commission members are carefully studying the testimonies, especially those of the Nepal Army. Other reasons might explain the delay.

Many of those identified as involved in excessive force and inciting vandalism are currently Prime Minister, Home Minister, government leaders, and MPs. In that scenario, could political pressure be preventing implementation of the report?

I do not have direct knowledge of political pressure. However, most of the individuals we recommended for investigation and action hold positions in government now, which raises personal doubts about why these matters have not progressed. Similarly, members of martyr families in government and parliament have been unable to raise demands for justice and accountability, which is unfortunate. Some former leaders active before the protests remain silent as well, which is troubling.

Though the Karki-led Commission’s report appeared somewhat one-sided regarding criminal matters, the NHRC reviewed both sides and recommended further investigation beyond its jurisdiction. The government also conducted three separate studies on security forces but unfortunately has not leveraged these for discussion or policy formulation.

Lack of accountability does not mean impunity. For example, Cambodia imposed death sentences on elderly persons for crimes decades old. It is wrong to think such incidents will be forgotten; history demands accountability.

The investigation into the Rautahat incident from 20 years ago has recently concluded with perpetrators identified for action. History proves justice is possible even after many years.

These issues have also surfaced internationally. Even if the government neglects them, reports and complaints have reached the United Nations Human Rights Office in Geneva.

Since the law requires the government to report on implementation within three months, what actions will the Commission take in the absence of such information?

Unfortunately, many previous NHRC recommendations remain unimplemented. The Commission compiles a watchlist of alleged violators, which currently includes approximately 100–150 security personnel, Chief District Officers, and other senior officials. Those listed face restrictions on traveling abroad, appointment to posts, or decision-making responsibilities. Some former CDOs have requested removal of their names.

While this may not pose major national challenges, it carries significant international implications. For example, Colonel Kumar Lama of the Nepal Army was arrested by the United Kingdom on human rights allegations.

What preparations is the Commission making given the government’s failure to implement the report?

Among those recommended for action, 3 to 4 individuals have filed requests for reconsideration; these are typically reviewed within three months. We initially named 34 individuals; some from the security apparatus have sought reviews, and the process is ongoing.

In the absence of updates from the government on implementation, the Commission may formally seek information. Based on the government’s response, the Commission will decide on subsequent steps.

There are suggestions that some human rights violations could not be prosecuted due to absence of relevant laws. Why is enacting laws to address these issues important?

I prefer not to elaborate extensively on this topic and suggest contacting other Commission officials. We did recommend action against former members of the security council; however, the name of army chief Ashoka Raj Sigdel was later removed from the list amid reports of political pressure. Further investigation will clarify the situation.

The Commission recommended a formal warning to the Chief of Army Staff—a significant moral sanction never before imposed—highlighting his ethical responsibility.

Does singling out only the army chief for warning raise questions about the Commission’s impartiality among other security council members?

I reiterate that a formal warning represents a major moral penalty. The initial report noted lack of cooperation from the Army, and after refusing summons, it was deemed uncooperative. Once testimonies were submitted, conditions improved. This moral accountability carries considerable weight.

How might international bodies react if the government fails to act on these matters, and what can the UN Human Rights Office do?

Commission reports and recommendations have reached international human rights bodies, including the UN High Commissioner. The issue remains under international scrutiny. While no formal action may have been taken, individuals named as potential violators—such as members of the TOB group, current Home Minister Sudhan Gurung, other activists, artists, and former Prime Minister Sushila Karki—face reputational consequences and further investigation recommendations. The international community is unlikely to remain unaware of these allegations.

Do the families of victims, injured, and society have reason to hope for justice regarding the events of Bhadra 23 and 24? What message do you have for them?

Many family members of the martyrs are now MPs or ministers but have not exerted pressure on the government for investigation or accountability, which is a great injustice. The inability to demand justice, human rights, and accountability is a grave mistake. No perpetrators have faced consequences, though many innocent people remain imprisoned.

After a year, there has been no impartial investigation into these youths, and the government remains silent. The lack of efforts to locate detained Gen Z activists is a violation of human rights. It is disappointing that even a year later, no action has been taken and no voices have been raised, reflecting a lack of respect for human rights.

How confident are you that victims will ultimately receive justice?

Justice is not only about punishment but also about moral and character accountability. The Commission’s act of naming suspects initiates a justice process. While justice has not yet been served, history will deliver it. Many nations have faced such events; eventually, history investigates and demands answers.

Why did the security agencies fail in providing early warning and analysis of the events on 23rd Bhadra 2082?

It is certain that the intelligence system failed to provide adequate early warning. However, in my understanding, the issue was not just the lack of information. Even when information was received, it was not seriously analyzed nor incorporated into timely decision-making. The state’s investment in intelligence, its capacity, professionalism, and effectiveness are crucial factors.

Intelligence work goes beyond gathering information; it must analyze risks, estimate possible event trajectories, and provide clear strategic warnings about what preparations are necessary to prevent or manage crises.

Before 23rd Bhadra, there were ample indications of growing unrest among youths, digital activism, and social media-driven dissatisfaction. However, security agencies appeared to regard these signals superficially as possible demonstrations, gatherings, or riots. This constitutes, in my view, the first major security failure.

Strategic warnings differ significantly from routine information. Receiving reports that thousands of youths might take to the streets is insufficient. Understanding their underlying grievances, leadership, organizational structure, social media psychology, potential for violence, and whether state decisions might exacerbate or suppress the unrest is essential and requires deep analysis.

Therefore, I categorize the security failure of 23rd Bhadra into three levels: first, failure in intelligence gathering; second, failure in analysis; and third, failure in converting analysis into effective decisions and security preparations.

The security apparatus also appeared to fail on 24th Bhadra. What might have caused this?

The events of 23rd and 24th Bhadra should not be seen through a single lens. Human losses and public anger from 23rd Bhadra escalated the crisis on 24th Bhadra, but complexity increased due to other factors as well.

Following the significant human losses on the 23rd, a renewed security risk assessment was imperative on the 24th. The first principle of crisis management is to re-evaluate circumstances after any major event. Psychological, social, and political repercussions must be integrated into security assessments.

The incidents at Tinkune, the events of 23–24 Bhadra, and those in Sunsari are not isolated; they represent different dimensions of Nepal’s evolving internal security. They demonstrate that traditional views of internal security focusing on peace, order, and law enforcement are insufficient and that a reconsideration within the national security framework is necessary.

On 24th Bhadra, the situation escalated beyond a normal protest, evolving into a severe crisis affecting sensitive infrastructure and strategic institutions. Destruction and arson at critical sites such as the Supreme Court and Singha Durbar revealed the criticality of the situation and exposed weaknesses in state crisis management.

This should be viewed not simply as a failure of security forces, but as a reflection of the state’s overall weakness in crisis management. In moments of crisis, the existence of alternative plans, clear orders, control structures, and coordination among security agencies significantly influences the effectiveness of the response.

In my opinion, the key lesson from the events of 24th Bhadra is that as security challenges evolve, threat assessment, decision-making processes, and crisis response systems must also be adapted and strengthened. It is imperative to predict and prepare for incidents in advance rather than simply respond after they occur.

Were the events of 23rd and 24th Bhadra merely a reaction to social media restrictions or public anger?

No. While social media bans might have been a trigger, attributing these events solely to that is superficial. These were an eruption of long-standing social, political, and economic frustrations, comprising five main elements.

First, deep dissatisfaction with governance—corruption, lack of political accountability, absence of opportunity, and frustration with state mechanisms.

Second, youth aspirations and lack of prospects—disparities in employment, opportunities, and economic potential.

Third, digital mobilization—today’s youth are not mere consumers but producers and transmitters of information with the capacity to mobilize large groups. Social media thus becomes not only a communication tool but a strategic platform for politics and influence.

Fourth, a crisis of trust between the state and society—when trust erodes, even minor incidents can trigger massive dissatisfaction. The human losses on 23rd Bhadra deepened this mistrust.

Therefore, Nepal’s security assessments must incorporate not only visible street gatherings but also digital spaces, information environments, social psychology, and potential influence campaigns. Modern conflicts often originate largely in the digital realm and have the potential to destabilize the state rapidly.

Fifth, the potential threats posed by information and influence operations.

Until confirmed, involvement by external or internal groups should not be concluded prematurely. However, disinformation, misinformation, cyber influence, coordinated digital campaigns, and the influence of various interest groups seen in security analyses cannot be ignored.

Hence, limiting the interpretation of 23–24 Bhadra solely as a reaction to social media restrictions is strategically flawed. The pertinent question is why a single restriction triggered such widespread unrest. The answer lies in the long-accumulated dissatisfaction between the state and society.

The death of a student at the hands of the state on the 23rd was unacceptable under any circumstance. Attacks and arson on national sovereignty pillars—such as the historic administrative heritage of Singha Durbar—on the 24th represent a serious assault on freedom and state authority. Simultaneous attacks on the judiciary, legislature, and executive, including mob-style attacks where police had control, cannot be considered ordinary incidents. The state’s critical institutions collapsing within four to five hours pose a grave national security challenge.

Can these be understood from the perspectives of hybrid warfare or gray-zone activities?

Yes. The indications from 23–24 Bhadra correspond to aspects of hybrid conflict and gray-zone activities, which typically avoid conventional weapon use and instead employ information, cyber means, social division, and political pressure as strategic tools. In Nepal, these were manifested via digital platforms. Evidence shows protestors utilized Discord, TikTok, X (formerly Twitter), Telegram, among others.

The digital domain played a crucial role during 23–24 Bhadra events. Determining whether there were disinformation campaigns, coordinated influence operations, or foreign involvement requires thorough intelligence investigation.

This form of hybrid warfare is often leaderless or decentralized, posing challenges for the state such as identifying negotiation interlocutors, decision-makers, and actual objectives. The Nepalese state confronted similar challenges on 24th Bhadra.

Thus, reducing the events to a mere reaction to social media restrictions overlooks internal issues such as governance weaknesses, youth dissatisfaction, corruption, declining trust in the state, and strategic exploitation of these vulnerabilities by opposition forces.

The conclusion is clear: Nepal’s security assessments must no longer be based solely on street protests but must integrate the digital domain, information environment, social psychology, and influence operations into intelligence analysis. Modern conflict often begins in the digital space and can quickly devastate the state.

Did lack of coordination between security agencies prevent effective control on 24th Bhadra?

Both sides of this issue need to be viewed. Nepal Police, Armed Police Force, National Investigation Department, and the Nepali Army each have distinct roles and jurisdictions based on necessity. The problem is not an overlap of responsibilities but whether these agencies shared a joint intelligence picture, exchanged intelligence effectively, had clear command structures, and implemented defined operational frameworks during crises.

On 23rd Bhadra, there were weaknesses in intelligence sharing, threat assessment, and operational readiness. The situation on 24th escalated rapidly from normal protests to a serious threat to critical state infrastructure, with limitations on available manpower, legal authority, command decision-making ability, and force deployment capacities becoming apparent.

When security agencies perform well, the government tends to take credit; when unpleasant events occur, the tendency is to blame all security forces. This is impractical. State and political leadership sets direction and security agencies act within constitutional and legal boundaries as directed by the government.

The situation on 24th Bhadra was extremely volatile, seriously challenging constitutional governance. Had the Nepali Army not played an effective role, the conditions could have been even worse.

Signs of hybrid warfare and gray-zone activities are evident in the Jana Andolan, characterized by the use of non-military forces.

Therefore, dismissing security agencies outright without considering the crisis’s complexity, political decisions, security pressures, and limited options is inappropriate. The emphasis should be on learning and constructive reform rather than blame.

Simplistic conclusions like ‘security forces could have easily prevented it’ are misleading. The vulnerability of sensitive state structures in a short time signals weaknesses in preparedness, forecasting, and response capacities.

The fairness of investigation commissions, depth of inquiry, and inclusion of all stakeholders remain important topics of public debate. The roles of Nepal Police, Armed Police Force, National Investigation Department, and Nepali Army have all been questioned but should not be ascribed as faults of a single agency.

The key takeaway is not only coordination but shared intelligence, clear command and control, crisis response planning, and joint operations are essential within the security sector.

How are changing security challenges impacting national security?

The Jana Andolan introduced new challenges to Nepal’s internal security—digital mobilization and sudden mass participation. Unlike traditional movements with clear leadership and structures, modern social media-driven groups can mobilize large numbers rapidly without leadership. This is a novel challenge.

Sunsari events also highlighted the importance of early warning, coordination, and emergency security measures at local levels. Identifying and preventing violence may be more successful than controlling it after occurrence.

These events will seriously affect Nepal’s national security: weakening trust between citizens and state, impacting morale within security institutions, increasing political instability and social polarization, and opening opportunities for external actors to exploit national vulnerabilities.

Hence, national security is no longer just about borders but involves governance, economy, social relations, information environments, cyber security, diplomacy, and citizen-state trust.

An updated national security policy and a long-term strategic framework are necessary, unaffected by changes in government, stable, and oriented to enduring national interests.

Does the Jana Andolan signal a fundamentally different security challenge going forward?

The events of 23–24 Bhadra show Nepal’s security challenges are rapidly evolving while structures remain rooted in traditional models. For instance, debates over where to place the National Investigation Department reflect issues of clarity and stability. Intelligence systems should be state strategic security entities, not provisional mechanisms serving party interests.

Security is not merely controlling an event after occurrence. Modern security requires risk identification, tension analysis, preventive measures, and maintaining citizen trust to effectively manage crises.

Therefore, Nepal needs a clear national security structure and a long-term intelligence strategy specifying which agencies handle strategic intelligence, domestic intelligence, and analysis respectively.

Intelligence involves not only ‘who collected how much information’ but also who identified change signals, interpreted their strategic meaning, forecasted risks, and provided reliable warnings to decision-makers in time.

Similarly, security requires capacities not only for control after incidents but for preemptive risk identification, preventive actions, trust maintenance, and clear command and control over all security agencies during deployment.

Operational roles, responsibilities, and resources of Nepal Police and Armed Police Force must be clearly demarcated. Using both in the same task inefficiently should be avoided. Clear constitutional and legal role division will reduce duplicated resource usage and enhance command-control in crises.

In my view, Tinkune, the events of 23–24 Bhadra, and Sunsari are interconnected encounters with broader security challenges. The state has a clear message—internal security should no longer be viewed only through traditional lenses of peace, order, and law enforcement but must be rethought within the national security structure.

This necessitates intelligence-based security, precautionary security, integrated intelligence analysis, inter-agency coordination, digital security risk assessments, and strengthened strategic crisis management. National security success depends not on responses after events but on prior detection and preparation. Otherwise, future crises will result in recurring finger-pointing over where security agencies failed.